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THE UNLUCKY GOLFER
Following an accident on a public golf club, an injured golfer filled suit against the club alleging negligence in fairway maintenance. The injured party sustained serious wounds to his face and chest - requiring emergency medical treatment including over 300 stitches. His injuries occurred from his face striking a golf cart tire and a chest puncture by a fractured club shaft.
Plaintiff alleged that he fell after stepping into a deep rut in the poorly maintained fairway. The shaft of the pitching wedge that he held by the club head buckled and fractured when it jammed into the ground as he fell. The short end of the broken shaft, attached to the club head, flipped around and impaled into his chest. The trauma from this injury prevented him from protecting his face from impact with the cart tire.
Forensic investigation revealed several inconsistencies with the plaintiffs deposition testimony. First, the rut and the apparent position of the golf cart were more widely separated than seemed reasonable for the alleged scenario. Second, buckling in the direction that resulted in the shaft fracture would have required extraordinary hand strength to have occurred per testimony.
Laboratory analysis provided conclusive evidence of fraud. The shaft was slightly indented in two locations - about one inch on either side of the fracture,. There was a faint smear of black material within each dent. Analysis showed that the black material was paint.
Laboratory simulation tests proved that the fracture, dents, and paint smears could be reproduced by swinging a golf club and striking a black-painted square tubing - such as those supporting the canopy on every golf cart at this club. Furthermore, a golf club broken in this manner boomeranged the broken club head directly back at the swinger.
As any golfer would know from the start, the club failure and injuries were due to the uncontrolled anger of a frustrated hacker. Forensic engineering analysis provided the necessary evidence to prove the case.
A 300-ft tower crane collapsed onto the intersection of two major streets in downtown San Francisco during the morning rush hour. The accident fatally injured four crew members on the crane and a bus driven on the street below. Twenty-two pedestrians were also injured by falling crane pieces or flying debris.
A team of safety, mechanical, and metallurgical engineers was assembled to investigate the accident. Since all of the crew members involved in the operation of the crane at the time of the accident were killed, all of the circumstances of the failure had to be reconstructed from the physical evidence and the testimony of casual witnesses on the streets and in buildings around the site.
Reconstruction of the accident was hampered by the considerable damage to the crane cab and tower sections sustained upon impact with the street after falling 300 feet. Some of the components were embedded into the ground up to 15 ft below the pavement. Fractures, twists, bends, and scrapes on the components, however, were eventually decipher sufficiently to reconstruct the chain of events during the accident.
The crane collapsed during a climbing maneuver where the crane crew installs a new 20-ft section into the tower. To accomplish the climb, the cab of the crane is raised above the fixed tower by a hydraulic cylinder on a climbing frame to allow the next tower section to be inserted. Each climb required the hydraulic cylinder to be extended and reset several times to obtain the necessary clearance to insert a tower section. The operation at the time of the accident was for the final climb to the crane's full height of approximately 320 ft.
Evaluation of the materials comprising the crane components found no evidence of substandard or defect materials. Furthermore, all of the metal fractures were due to excessive loads. No indication of progressive fractures or pre-existing conditions were observed.
Damage to the climbing frame indicated that some rollers on the climber frame were binding excessively during the last stages of the climb. From this observation, it was suspected that the crane may not have been in a balanced position required for safe climbing. Since the crane cab is not rigidly fixed to the tower during a climbing maneuver, it is essentially that the cab remains balanced and that the boom is not shifted or rotated during climbing.
It was also noted that the hydraulic cylinders were set slightly below the level normally required for adequate clearance to insert a tower section. This observations suggested that the cab may have been tilted by shifting the beam to create the final few inches of clearance necessary to allow the tower section to be inserted without resetting the hydraulic cylinders. The evidence further indicated that the crane was rotated slightly during the climb, probably in an attempt to relieve the binding in the climbing frame rollers.
The physical evidence and the witness testimony agreed that the crane rotated just prior to the failure. It was concluded that this rotation upset that balance of the crane on the climbing frame. Computer simulation showed that this shift of balance was sufficient to buckle and eventually fracture the legs of the uppermost fixed tower section which supported the climbing frame. Failure of the tower section legs allowed the top of the fixed tower section, the climbing frame, and the cab to fall to the street.
The root cause of the accident in this case was improper operation of the crane during the climbing maneuver. Additional investigation confirmed that the crew operating the crane did not have adequate qualifications, training, or procedures for safe operation of this type of equipment.
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